La Slov é nie dans l'histoire

Here we will not make the history of a space which one day will be called Slovénie; we will make the history of this country only when it is populated slovenes, therefore not before the medium of the VI° century. The paleolithic one, the Neolithic era, the Roman empire, they is enthralling for the history of the places, but is this really consubstantiel with the history of these migrant people? The Latinity if one day it touched Slovènes, it is in the religious form of Catholicism, the Roman legions it was for the different one, well before these small Slavic people arrive. What do we know slovenes before their arrived in " Slovénie "? Not large thing. Can one even speak about slovenes? Were they so different from other Slavic south? The answers are difficult to find.
Between 500 and 1000, Europe is durably upset; Rome disappeared, even if many will still run after its size, its titles, its glory (Charlemagne!) it does not remain any more but in the East, " Rome " byzantine, Christian woman, splendid, but shaken soon by the push of Islam. In addition, of the people for complexes(climatic reasons? Demographic? Fear of other more quarrelsome people? penetrate in the continent, fix themselves at it. Europe becomes our Europe. The Slavic ones hustle all is continent.
The Poles, Sorabes, the Czechs, the Slovak ones, the Croats, the Serb ones, Slovènes finally, a magma of migrants not inevitably as clearly identifiable as this list, could let it believe. It is the meeting with a geography, with other people, which forms an identity. Byzance which dominates the East, hesitates in its policy to hold vis-a-vis with its newcomers. Sometimes it is the war, sometimes they are attempts at domestications. Slovènes advance them to the Alps. They are fixed at it. But with the difference of much of other Slavic people will never find really the conditions historical and political to constitute a state, even vassal, more extremely than them. Very quickly it is the Bavarian or franque domination. The empire of Charlemagne, integrates the zone of settlement slovene in its Eastern steps, which protect the c?ur from the building carolingien.

Sudden starts of the succession of large Carloman, let us retain for Slovènes their integration in Germanic mobility, and well quickly in the saint worsens Roman germanique(962). We are in X° century, the plays are made for thousand years. This empire which claims with the universality, will find well on its path other applicants with this universality, applicants who will weaken it during all Middle Ages. The pope who wants the monopoly of the hearts, the monopoly of the truth with the East, and almost the capacity in the " German " empire. The king of France which wants to be " an emperor " at his place and which will be it; and more serious than all that, feudal aristocracy of the empire which goes émietter the imperial capacity. Princes, dukes, the comtes(ceux ones of Celje by exemple)des margraves, the bishops will make expensive pay to the emperor their fidelity, very expensive! He seizing gradually all its power, except the symbol of its function which said one took part of a divine intention.
Among these feudal, these local princes, Habsbourg, originating in " Switzerland ", but in Switzerland of before Switzerland since us says the legend which merged a long time with the history, Switzerland date completion of the domination of Habsbourgs between Aar, the Rhine and the Lake Lucerne. Habsourgs thus! They lose their helvètes fields but almost at the same time gagnent(héritage, policy of the mariages)Tyrol, Styrie, Carniole. Carniole, veiled it already our Slovénie, " Germanic " and maintaining Habsbourgs(1282) and that until 1918! The node of the company is German, the base, with height of ground is slovene. Admittedly nothing low register in that, because what will count until A the French revolution, it is the legitimacy of the capacity, and not " the ethnos group " or " the idea " which controls us. Peasants thus Slovènes around castles of laic or ecclesiastical princes, small the n?uds urban aussi(Kamnik, Kranj, ptuj, etc) which in XII°siecle obtain their charters, their autonomy, first sign of medieval modernity.
To summarize the history of slovenes in the empire of Habsbourgs is a gageure. Carniole (borders) is a province of an increasingly large puzzle, that only the person of the sovereign unifies. Each province has its form of autonomy, of tax tradition for example, autonomy of the nobilities of course. The people them work, and request. The prayer is catholic Roman, since VII°siecle and will always remain it. Latin prayer, sometimes in slovene, but it will have to be awaited 1584 so that a Bible slovene is written. Carniole and Styrie will know all the vicissitudes of the house of Austria, solid in spite of appearances, the Turks who make incursions in Slovénie with the XV° and XVI° centuries, in spite of progress of the reform with the XVI° century which in Slovénie will allure a small humanistic elite, " inventive " of the first literature in this language of the people. All its attacks, Vienna will find the parade, the Turks vaincus(XVIII°), were finally contained in their Balkan fields, the Catholicism saved by the reform engaged with the council of Trente(XVI°). It is the time of the baroque, the country revolts, the constitution of " a true " state of Austria with the impératrice Marie Thérèse, its son Joseph II, and the Kamnitz chancellor.
It is in France, that the destiny of Europe then was played; the revolution of 1789, its prolongation in the Napoléonienne adventure, failed to break the empire of Austria, and inserted Slovénie in the legend of the " small corporal ". Of 1809 to 1813, quasi all the country of slovenes formed part of the province illyrienne, with part of the country of Croatian, and the Dalmatian coast.
Slovénie... French, is controlled by French. The people thus " released ", learn another political grammar; soon another grammar very short. France, the revolution, make move the things; nothing any more will be completely similar henceforth. In 1813, Slovénie goes back to Austria, but of the writers start to put tortueuses(romantisques) questions, dérangeantes on the origins of the language slovene, slovenes, and finally in spite of the font of Metternich, on why " German " domination on " Slavic ". the idea slovene was born some share between the romantic ones, France Prezeren, and the creation of sokols(1869). The slovenes existed quite front, which is born the idea from Slovénie, a state for them, or at least from a form of recognition, as will obtain it the Hungarians in 1867, it true after a particularly violent revolution Hungarian and is supported at all by the " Slavic ones ", which feared still more Budapest that Vienna. Idea slovene, Croatian idea, Serb idea also, it is a confused boiling the more so as the Serb ones add to the idea, a small torn off state of high fight to Turkish.
Very quickly this small state is thought, like the " natural " state of all the Slavic ones of the south, like if the history separated since from the centuries of slovenes, Croatian, of Serb, did not mean anything. The " Yugoslav " misunderstanding starts in Belgrade, with Agram(Zagreb) too. With laibach, Trieste, Austria, it will have well to be admitted later when the people know true the barbarie(de the war for example), dominates its subjects paternally. Nothing to have with a " prison of the people ", that some heads burned by the ideology believe to find around them. One dreams already of following days which sing in " large Serbia ", in " large Croatia "; one drunk of words, and one leaves thus grayed in " the large " mass graves the First World War. Slovènes will make the war in the Austrian camp. When in 1915 Italy re-enters in its turn in the conflict, the war touches the country slovene. The valley of Sotcha, is in first line, and God knows that these lines are hard. Italy! Veiled the new enemy for small people which know the Italian dream about Trieste/Trst, and the karst. The fidelity of slovenes to the double monarchie(Austro-Hongroise) is explained thus; fidelity at worst the moment, in the blood and the mud of the battle of kobarid in 1917. In 1918, it is the end of the empire. The winners decided to have his skin. They will have it with the treaty of Saint-Germain, of Trianon.
The Serb state is in the camp of the winners, it " accomodates " in its centre, the idea of freedom of the other Slavic people of the south, in their confiscating this freedom gradually. In 1929, it is finished by it kingdom of Serb, Croatian, and slovenes, it is the beginning of first Yugoslavia, with a royal dictatorship in premium. The Croats will be most virulent to denounce the fraud. Some of them, will conceive of it a phobic hatred of the Serb ones, which will lead more tard(1941) to horrors without name. Slovènes they, by their national unit, resisted the resentment better, the more so as of the frontier dispute with Austria (Celovec) and Italy, made good year, malan to accept Belgrade. But that moves all the same; in 1939, Edvard Kardelj writes " the development of the national question slov 2nd ", it is communist and will be the head of the partisans slov 2nd nes. Hitler since 1933, is with the capacity. The Nazism threatens Europe, and particularly central and Eastern Europe. In 1939 the war bursts, Poland is crushed, then in 1940 France. Hitler and Stalin organize their world, with the complicity of much in Eastern Europe. In April 1941 it is it tower of Yugoslavia.
Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary invades the country. It is the quarry! It is a disaster too. Yugoslavia implose; Serbia is reduced to nothing, its people delivered to the butchers everywhere; Croatia is given to the Fascism oustachi, whose programmme is summarized by the murder of Serb of Krajina, of Bosnia, of Srem, of the Jews too. Macedonia is Bulgarian, Voivodine Hungarian woman, Montenegro, Italian Kosovo, Slovénie finally, is divided between German, Italian, and Hungarian. Occupation? Chaos too. Serb resistance, the tchéniks of Draja Mihailovitch, which represent the government in exile, launch out to the attack of Croatian and of the Moslems of Bosnia, the oustachis continue them their systematic massacres of the Serb ones. Deaths per hundreds of thousands. This chaos, Tito the communist head made the secrecy of its victory. Who could bet in 1941, who Tito, rescapé (why him?) Would purgings of Stalin, against the Yugoslav Communists (1937), impose on the output of the war Communism in Yugoslavia? Well little world. By proposing to the Yugoslavians like future " fraternity " and " the unit ", the forgiveness of the crimes, without forgiving the criminals, to attach the dream assassin of " large Serbia " and " large Croatia " it gained.
The people were too afraid of the revenges promised with the release; Tito were the only guarantee that the punishment would not touch everyone, the " middle-class " can be, of the " traitors ", in short the usual categories of assassinated communist countries, but not all! Slovénie of 1941 to 1945, it is the sad fate of a country which does not exist any more. Thousands of slovenes " are moved " in Silesia, in Germany; the Communists organize resistance. Kardelj still him! Repression is wild, the Communists too; collaborator slovénes there was always for the same reason: fear of Communism. In 1945 the punishment will be relentless, disproportionate, like all in Communism. Tito, the large winner will especially impose a Communism, " pure " and hard before 1948. All the ingrédiens of the great Soviet model are there: fear, terror, purgings, state-controlled economy (the revolution!), " obligatory enthusiasm ", but all that in " independence ". Tito, true " small Stalin Yugoslav " becomes even the model pupil. He goes more quickly towards Communism than requires it Stalin himself. It is illuminated too much by its " faith " to respect the code of honor of the Stalinist communist system. It wants to be his clean " father of the people ", even father of all the people of Europe of south-east! It forgets that there is not q' a father and that this father is in Moscow. In June 1948 it is the rupture, for Moscow it becomes a daemon.
It will resist, and in its country, they are the faithful ones of Stalin which will discover Dalmatian Gulag, they will find their own victims there! Rejected by the Stalinist, and suspect camp for the Westerners, he will invent then, a " third way ", theoretical and economic do-it-yourself which one will know under the name " of self-management. The workers will be their own Masters, said one! Self-management at the base, but not at the top of the communist state. All the heads which exceed are eliminated (Milovan Djilas) by the political font (UDBA). Tito becomes the incarnation of the happy medium for the foreigners little looking at, neither in the east nor in the west, elsewhere... as these people them also more and more elsewhere (in occident) in the search of a work which the socialist " paradise " could give them. In the Sixties, the police surveillance bends. The people awake. People! Let us tell to their intellectuals sometimes members of the Communist Party and who begin this long work of confusion between socialism and nationalism. It is true everywhere but especially in Serbia.
The Great man dies in 1980. One will learn later (on the ruins of Vukovar!) that it was the beginning of the end of Yugoslavia. Which other could have held of the so different people? It was a tyrant, sometimes grotesque in his villas, its costumes. He was also that which organized the partisans, and released the country of the Nazism and the sad clowns who believed good to help them. Which other resistant could have done this work? No, especially not Tchetniks Serb of Mihailovic which " released " already by massacring the Moslems of Bosnie.A pains eleven years later all the building collapsed. The economic crisis which accentuated the wealth in Slovénie and Croatia and poverty even the dilapidation elsewhere; political crisis especially, because which could believe in Yugoslavia " socialist and federative " where Kosovo and all that did not communiait in the " serbism " of Slobodan Milosevic, would not have a place? In Ljubjana, youth bubbled around the Mladina review for example. The Communists slovenes were taken between their people and Milosevic. They chose their people. Didn't the Marxists of the Sixties say " the people is right always "? Eight days of conflict to test the will slovene and the yougo-Serb army leaves the territory. We are in June 1991. For the first time in the history, Slovènes have a state, a democratic state which for ten years has tried to adapt, without being disillusioned too much, with freedom, the market economy and the prospect for one integration to the Union European

Tourism Geography History Gallery Others Bibliography Lexicon Links Plan of the Site		For Yann, with any chance... Here we will not make the history of a space which one day will be called Slovénie; we will make the history of this country only when it is populated slovenes, therefore not before the medium of the VI° century. The paleolithic one, the Neolithic era, the Roman empire, they is enthralling for the history of the places, but is this really consubstantiel with the history of these migrant people? The Latinity if one day it touched Slovènes, it is in the religious form of Catholicism, the Roman legions it was for the different one, well before these small Slavic people arrive. What do we know slovenes before their arrived in " Slovénie "? Not large thing. Can one even speak about slovenes? Were they so different from other Slavic south? The answers are difficult to find. Between 500 and 1000, Europe is durably upset; Rome disappeared, even if many will still run after its size, its titles, its glory (Charlemagne!) it does not remain any more but in the East, " Rome " byzantine, Christian woman, splendid, but shaken soon by the push of Islam. In addition, of the people for complexes(climatic reasons? Demographic? Fear of other more quarrelsome people? penetrate in the continent, fix themselves at it. Europe becomes our Europe. The Slavic ones hustle all is continent. The Poles, Sorabes, the Czechs, the Slovak ones, the Croats, the Serb ones, Slovènes finally, a magma of migrants not inevitably as clearly identifiable as this list, could let it believe. It is the meeting with a geography, with other people, which forms an identity. Byzance which dominates the East, hesitates in its policy to hold vis-a-vis with its newcomers. Sometimes it is the war, sometimes they are attempts at domestications. Slovènes advance them to the Alps. They are fixed at it. But with the difference of much of other Slavic people will never find really the conditions historical and political to constitute a state, even vassal, more extremely than them. Very quickly it is the Bavarian or franque domination. The empire of Charlemagne, integrates the zone of settlement slovene in its Eastern steps, which protect the c?ur from the building carolingien. Sudden starts of the succession of large Carloman, let us retain for Slovènes their integration in Germanic mobility, and well quickly in the saint worsens Roman germanique(962). We are in X° century, the plays are made for thousand years. This empire which claims with the universality, will find well on its path other applicants with this universality, applicants who will weaken it during all Middle Ages. The pope who wants the monopoly of the hearts, the monopoly of the truth with the East, and almost the capacity in the " German " empire. The king of France which wants to be " an emperor " at his place and which will be it; and more serious than all that, feudal aristocracy of the empire which goes émietter the imperial capacity. Princes, dukes, the comtes(ceux ones of Celje by exemple)des margraves, the bishops will make expensive pay to the emperor their fidelity, very expensive! He seizing gradually all its power, except the symbol of its function which said one took part of a divine intention. Among these feudal, these local princes, Habsbourg, originating in " Switzerland ", but in Switzerland of before Switzerland since us says the legend which merged a long time with the history, Switzerland date completion of the domination of Habsbourgs between Aar, the Rhine and the Lake Lucerne. Habsourgs thus! They lose their helvètes fields but almost at the same time gagnent(héritage, policy of the mariages)Tyrol, Styrie, Carniole. Carniole, veiled it already our Slovénie, " Germanic " and maintaining Habsbourgs(1282) and that until 1918! The node of the company is German, the base, with height of ground is slovene. Admittedly nothing low register in that, because what will count until A the French revolution, it is the legitimacy of the capacity, and not " the ethnos group " or " the idea " which controls us. Peasants thus Slovènes around castles of laic or ecclesiastical princes, small the n?uds urban aussi(Kamnik, Kranj, ptuj, etc) which in XII°siecle obtain their charters, their autonomy, first sign of medieval modernity. To summarize the history of slovenes in the empire of Habsbourgs is a gageure. Carniole (borders) is a province of an increasingly large puzzle, that only the person of the sovereign unifies. Each province has its form of autonomy, of tax tradition for example, autonomy of the nobilities of course. The people them work, and request. The prayer is catholic Roman, since VII°siecle and will always remain it. Latin prayer, sometimes in slovene, but it will have to be awaited 1584 so that a Bible slovene is written. Carniole and Styrie will know all the vicissitudes of the house of Austria, solid in spite of appearances, the Turks who make incursions in Slovénie with the XV° and XVI° centuries, in spite of progress of the reform with the XVI° century which in Slovénie will allure a small humanistic elite, " inventive " of the first literature in this language of the people. All its attacks, Vienna will find the parade, the Turks vaincus(XVIII°), were finally contained in their Balkan fields, the Catholicism saved by the reform engaged with the council of Trente(XVI°). It is the time of the baroque, the country revolts, the constitution of " a true " state of Austria with the impératrice Marie Thérèse, its son Joseph II, and the Kamnitz chancellor. It is in France, that the destiny of Europe then was played; the revolution of 1789, its prolongation in the Napoléonienne adventure, failed to break the empire of Austria, and inserted Slovénie in the legend of the " small corporal ". Of 1809 to 1813, quasi all the country of slovenes formed part of the province illyrienne, with part of the country of Croatian, and the Dalmatian coast. Slovénie... French, is controlled by French. The people thus " released ", learn another political grammar; soon another grammar very short. France, the revolution, make move the things; nothing any more will be completely similar henceforth. In 1813, Slovénie goes back to Austria, but of the writers start to put tortueuses(romantisques) questions, dérangeantes on the origins of the language slovene, slovenes, and finally in spite of the font of Metternich, on why " German " domination on " Slavic ". the idea slovene was born some share between the romantic ones, France Prezeren, and the creation of sokols(1869). The slovenes existed quite front, which is born the idea from Slovénie, a state for them, or at least from a form of recognition, as will obtain it the Hungarians in 1867, it true after a particularly violent revolution Hungarian and is supported at all by the " Slavic ones ", which feared still more Budapest that Vienna. Idea slovene, Croatian idea, Serb idea also, it is a confused boiling the more so as the Serb ones add to the idea, a small torn off state of high fight to Turkish. Very quickly this small state is thought, like the " natural " state of all the Slavic ones of the south, like if the history separated since from the centuries of slovenes, Croatian, of Serb, did not mean anything. The " Yugoslav " misunderstanding starts in Belgrade, with Agram(Zagreb) too. With laibach, Trieste, Austria, it will have well to be admitted later when the people know true the barbarie(de the war for example), dominates its subjects paternally. Nothing to have with a " prison of the people ", that some heads burned by the ideology believe to find around them. One dreams already of following days which sing in " large Serbia ", in " large Croatia "; one drunk of words, and one leaves thus grayed in " the large " mass graves the First World War. Slovènes will make the war in the Austrian camp. When in 1915 Italy re-enters in its turn in the conflict, the war touches the country slovene. The valley of Sotcha, is in first line, and God knows that these lines are hard. Italy! Veiled the new enemy for small people which know the Italian dream about Trieste/Trst, and the karst. The fidelity of slovenes to the double monarchie(Austro-Hongroise) is explained thus; fidelity at worst the moment, in the blood and the mud of the battle of kobarid in 1917. In 1918, it is the end of the empire. The winners decided to have his skin. They will have it with the treaty of Saint-Germain, of Trianon. The Serb state is in the camp of the winners, it " accomodates " in its centre, the idea of freedom of the other Slavic people of the south, in their confiscating this freedom gradually. In 1929, it is finished by it kingdom of Serb, Croatian, and slovenes, it is the beginning of first Yugoslavia, with a royal dictatorship in premium. The Croats will be most virulent to denounce the fraud. Some of them, will conceive of it a phobic hatred of the Serb ones, which will lead more tard(1941) to horrors without name. Slovènes they, by their national unit, resisted the resentment better, the more so as of the frontier dispute with Austria (Celovec) and Italy, made good year, malan to accept Belgrade. But that moves all the same; in 1939, Edvard Kardelj writes " the development of the national question slov 2nd ", it is communist and will be the head of the partisans slov 2nd nes. Hitler since 1933, is with the capacity. The Nazism threatens Europe, and particularly central and Eastern Europe. In 1939 the war bursts, Poland is crushed, then in 1940 France. Hitler and Stalin organize their world, with the complicity of much in Eastern Europe. In April 1941 it is it tower of Yugoslavia. Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary invades the country. It is the quarry! It is a disaster too. Yugoslavia implose; Serbia is reduced to nothing, its people delivered to the butchers everywhere; Croatia is given to the Fascism oustachi, whose programmme is summarized by the murder of Serb of Krajina, of Bosnia, of Srem, of the Jews too. Macedonia is Bulgarian, Voivodine Hungarian woman, Montenegro, Italian Kosovo, Slovénie finally, is divided between German, Italian, and Hungarian. Occupation? Chaos too. Serb resistance, the tchéniks of Draja Mihailovitch, which represent the government in exile, launch out to the attack of Croatian and of the Moslems of Bosnia, the oustachis continue them their systematic massacres of the Serb ones. Deaths per hundreds of thousands. This chaos, Tito the communist head made the secrecy of its victory. Who could bet in 1941, who Tito, rescapé (why him?) Would purgings of Stalin, against the Yugoslav Communists (1937), impose on the output of the war Communism in Yugoslavia? Well little world. By proposing to the Yugoslavians like future " fraternity " and " the unit ", the forgiveness of the crimes, without forgiving the criminals, to attach the dream assassin of " large Serbia " and " large Croatia " it gained. The people were too afraid of the revenges promised with the release; Tito were the only guarantee that the punishment would not touch everyone, the " middle-class " can be, of the " traitors ", in short the usual categories of assassinated communist countries, but not all! Slovénie of 1941 to 1945, it is the sad fate of a country which does not exist any more. Thousands of slovenes " are moved " in Silesia, in Germany; the Communists organize resistance. Kardelj still him! Repression is wild, the Communists too; collaborator slovénes there was always for the same reason: fear of Communism. In 1945 the punishment will be relentless, disproportionate, like all in Communism. Tito, the large winner will especially impose a Communism, " pure " and hard before 1948. All the ingrédiens of the great Soviet model are there: fear, terror, purgings, state-controlled economy (the revolution!), " obligatory enthusiasm ", but all that in " independence ". Tito, true " small Stalin Yugoslav " becomes even the model pupil. He goes more quickly towards Communism than requires it Stalin himself. It is illuminated too much by its " faith " to respect the code of honor of the Stalinist communist system. It wants to be his clean " father of the people ", even father of all the people of Europe of south-east! It forgets that there is not q' a father and that this father is in Moscow. In June 1948 it is the rupture, for Moscow it becomes a daemon. It will resist, and in its country, they are the faithful ones of Stalin which will discover Dalmatian Gulag, they will find their own victims there! Rejected by the Stalinist, and suspect camp for the Westerners, he will invent then, a " third way ", theoretical and economic do-it-yourself which one will know under the name " of self-management. The workers will be their own Masters, said one! Self-management at the base, but not at the top of the communist state. All the heads which exceed are eliminated (Milovan Djilas) by the political font (UDBA). Tito becomes the incarnation of the happy medium for the foreigners little looking at, neither in the east nor in the west, elsewhere... as these people them also more and more elsewhere (in occident) in the search of a work which the socialist " paradise " could give them. In the Sixties, the police surveillance bends. The people awake. People! Let us tell to their intellectuals sometimes members of the Communist Party and who begin this long work of confusion between socialism and nationalism. It is true everywhere but especially in Serbia. The Great man dies in 1980. One will learn later (on the ruins of Vukovar!) that it was the beginning of the end of Yugoslavia. Which other could have held of the so different people? It was a tyrant, sometimes grotesque in his villas, its costumes. He was also that which organized the partisans, and released the country of the Nazism and the sad clowns who believed good to help them. Which other resistant could have done this work? No, especially not Tchetniks Serb of Mihailovic which " released " already by massacring the Moslems of Bosnie.A pains eleven years later all the building collapsed. The economic crisis which accentuated the wealth in Slovénie and Croatia and poverty even the dilapidation elsewhere; political crisis especially, because which could believe in Yugoslavia " socialist and federative " where Kosovo and all that did not communiait in the " serbism " of Slobodan Milosevic, would not have a place? In Ljubjana, youth bubbled around the Mladina review for example. The Communists slovenes were taken between their people and Milosevic. They chose their people. Didn't the Marxists of the Sixties say " the people is right always "? Eight days of conflict to test the will slovene and the yougo-Serb army leaves the territory. We are in June 1991. For the first time in the history, Slovènes have a state, a democratic state which for ten years has tried to adapt, without being disillusioned too much, with freedom, the market economy and the prospect for one integration to the Union European